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Objective:To understand the genetic variations of the coding gene of the main neutralizing antigen VP7 of G9 group A rotavirus in Xiamen area and the difference between VP7 gene in some domestic and broad areas. Methods:Four types G9 group A rotavirus strains were collected from feces of children with diarrhea in Xiamen Children′s Hospital. The time of collection was October 5, 2017, November 12, 2017, December 7, 2017 and January 15, 2018, respectively. The full-length sequence of type G9 group A rotavirus VP7 gene was obtained by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and the homology, phylogenetic and amino acid sequence alignment were analyzed by using DNA Star, MEGA and other biological software. Results:Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the local strain of Amoy CHINA/2018 in Xiamen area and the human/SC7/CHN/2013/G9 local strain in Chengdu City had the most closely relationship in the evolutionary tree clusters, and the homology was far from the Hu/JS2016 local strain in Jiangsu Province. The amino acid sequence analysis showed that compared with the reference strain WI61, the Xiamen local strains had variations in the amino acid primary structure, including D100N and Y144H, which were representative mutation sites in the Amoy CHINA/2018 phylogenetic tree cluster.Conclusion:The full-length genome sequence of the type G9 group A rotavirus VP7 shows that the strain is mutated in China.
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Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and genotypes of group A rotavirus (RV-A) among inpatients and outpatients children with diarrhea in Xiamen to provide basic data and theoretical basis for prevention and treatment of rotavirus diarrhea.Methods A total of 5 787 fecal samples from children under 10 years old in four hospitals in Xiamen from Jan 2016 to Dec 2017 were detected by immunochromamatoraphy double antibody sandwich assay.Systematic sampling was applied for collection of 98 fecal samples from 1 435 samples with rotavirus positive.Reverse transcription nested PCR was applied for determination of G and P genotypes.Results Among the 5 787 patients, 1 435 specimens were detected to be RV positive (24.8%).Genotyping of 98 rotaviruses showed that G9 (69.4%) was the most predominant , followed by G2 (5.1%), G1 (4.1%) and G3 (1.0%).Twenty cases were undetermined as G type.For P types, P[8]was predominant, accounting for 75.5%and the prevalence of P [4] was 5.1%.Nineteen cases were undetermined as P type.The combination of genotypes were P [8] G9 (64.3%), followed by P[4] G2 (5.1%), P[8]G1 (4.1%) and P[8] G3 (1.0%).Conclusions Rotavirus is the main pathogen among infants and children with diarrhea in Xiamen.P[8]G9 is the most prevalent genotypes.Continuously monitoring RV-A epidemic genotypes is helpful to provide data for local prevention and control of RV -A infection and introduction of rotavirus vaccine.
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Currently,a physiologically based pharmacokinetic(PBPK)model plays a key role in pharmaceutical research,which has been widely used at each stage of drug discovery and develop?ment. In the process of drug discovery,the selection of drug candidates is finished using the PBPK model to predict the pharmacokinetic properties of the drugs. In the process of preclinical development , through a combination of in vitro and physiological data amplification coefficient,the PBPK model can be used to predict not only the overall pharmacokinetic behavior of drug candidates in humans and animals and in vitro metabolism experiments,but also drug-drug interactions(DDI). In the course of clinical development,the PBPK model can help predict the difference between reference populations (age,different disease state,and polymorphism),especially the dosage and sampling time of the children. At present,the input parameters of PBPK model are mostly the mean values of the population,making it difficult to serve individuals. It is hoped that the input parameters of the model can reflect more of the individual characters according to the individual requirement,and that the time parameters of the input accord more with the actual physiological condition. In this article ,we briefly introduced the characteristics of common PBPK software,and reviewd the principle and feature of the PBPK model,as well as its application to drug discovery,preclinical development and clinical development,DDI,and individualized medication.
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Objective To investigate the revaccination efficacy of different dosages of hepatitis B vaccine among adult non-and hyporesponders so as to improve the protection rate of hepatitis B vaccination.Methods The healthy adults who were immunized with hepatitis B vaccine at least one standard scheme in two years and negative for hepatitis B markers were enrolled in this randomized and open-label study.The hepatitis B vaccine was injected intramuscularly in the deltoid muscle on an upper arm according to routine schedule (month 0,1,6).The adults were randomly given four different dosages:73 in group A were given hepatitis B vaccine 10 μg (made in China) each time;69 in group B were given hepatitis B vaccine (made in China) 20 μg each time;70 in group C were given gene recombinant yeast hepatitis B vaccine (Engerix) 20 μg each time and 48 in group D were given gene recombinant yeast hepatitis B vaccine 40 μg each time.The serum anti-HBs was tested before and 1,2,8,12 months after the first injection.The comparison of means was done by one-factor analysis of variance and the comparison of rates was done by chi square test.Results The anti-HBs positive rates were the highest at months 8 of re-immunization in group B,C and D,which were 68.1%,70.0% and 77.1%,respectively,and were all higher than that in group A (53.4%)(χ2=21.465,P＜0.01).The anti-HBs positive rate increased in group B,C and D with increasing immunized times and over time,but there was no significant difference;it went down at 12 months after re-immunization.The anti-HBs positive rates at 1,2,8 and 12 months after re-immunization in group A were 8.2%,19.2%,53.4% and 43.8%,respectively and differences were significant (χ2=53.07,P＜0.01).The anti-HBs levels in group B,C and D were all higher than that of group A(F=7.551,P＜0.05) at month 12 of re-immunization.There were no significant differences of anti-HBs levels at different re-immunization time points in group B,C and D.Conclusion Revaecination of hepatitis B vaccine can induce immune responses and increasing dosages can improve the immune efficacy in non- and hyporesponders.
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Objective To evaluate Chinese children’s blood lead levels(BLLs) and identify the distribution features with time and to provide the data for developing the policy to control environmental lead pollution.Methods The papers on children BLLs published from 2004 to Aug.2007 with sampling time since 2001 were collected,by searching Chinese Biomedical Disk(CBMDisk),Chinese Journal Full-test Database(CJFD) and other ways.Thirty-five articles eligible for inclusion criteria were reviewed.Also,the data were compared with our former study carried out in 2004 with articles studying time between 1995 and 2003.Results The mean BLL of Chinese children between 2001 and 2007 was 80.7 ?g/L(45.5-165.3 ?g/L),and 23.9%(3.2%-80.7%)were higher than 100 ?g/L,both of which were lower than the levels in 1995 to 2003.Four of 24 provinces or cities reported had average BLLs≥100 ?g/L.Of the 24 provinces or cities,only four had higher BLL and prevalence rates of lead poisoning(BLL ≥100 ?g/L) than that in 1995 to 2003.The mean BLL of children living in industrial areas was higher than that of children in urban and suburbs areas,and the mean BLL in suburbs was higher compared with urban areas.Boys BLL was 79.3 ?g/L,significantly higher than girls(76.9 ?g/L)(P
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In recent years, neurobehavioral end point was often used in environmental epidemiological researches to assess and characterize the adverse effects of environmental pollutants. The applications of neurobehavioral evaluation not only improve the ability to identify the early, sub clinic adverse effects of environmental pollutants exposure, but also help to screen out the victims for further protection. At present, there are many neurobehavioral evaluation methods have been applied in the environmental epidemiological researches at home and abroad, some methods that are considered applicable in China were reviewed in this article.
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Objective To describe blood lead levels (BLLs) and the distribution character of children in China as a whole. Methods The research papers on children's BLLs published in 1994-Mar,2004 were collected through Chinese Biomedical Disc(CBMDisc) or other ways, and 32 papers were selected into the present analysis according to the four main criteria: (1) BLLs were measured by graphite atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS) or inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS); (2) high quality guarantee and quality control were reported, standard substance using was necessary; (3)there were no local lead pollution resources in the areas where the involved children lived in; (4)the samples were more than 100. Results The mean BLL of Chinese children was 92.9 ?g/L(37.2-254.2 ?g/L)and 33.8%(9.6%-80.5%)of children, as for individual BLL, were higher than 100 ?g/L. It indicated that BLLs in boys were significantly higher than that in girls(P